Ttc great minds of the western intellectual tradition 3rd edition

Paul—Justification by Faith Phillip Cary Plotinus and Neo-Platonism Phillip Cary Aquinas and Christian Aristotelianism Jeremy Adams Universals in Medieval Thought Jeremy Adams Mysticism and Meister Eckhart Phillip Cary Luther—Law and Gospel Phillip Cary Calvin and Protestantism Phillip Cary Introduction Darren Staloff Erasmus Against Enthusiasm Jeremy Adams Introduction Alan Charles Kors Locke—Politics Dennis Dalton Kane Hegel—History and Historicism Darren Staloff Marx—Historical Materialism Darren Staloff Marx—On Alienation Dennis Dalton Solomon Kierkegaard and the Leap of Faith Phillip Cary Ayer and Logical Positivism Darren Staloff Husserl and Phenomenology Robert C.

Heidegger—Dasein and Existenz Robert C. Wittgenstein and Language Analysis Mark Risjord The Frankfurt School Douglas Kellner Quine—Ontological Relativism Darren Staloff Derrida and Deconstruction Louis Markos This course is both a history of and an introduction to the intellectual movements and ideas of the last 3, years, and can be considered a comprehensive course with no college-level prerequisites.

Investigate the original great thinkers Plato and Aristotle, and dive into their views on politics, ethics, and more. Examine the emergence of modern social theory through the ideas of Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, Freud, and Weber. Learn how Derrida tried to break free of traditional metaphysics, and contrast this with Platonic thought. Great Ideas of Philosophy, 2nd Edition. Development of European Civilization.

Classics of British Literature. Masterpieces of Ancient Greek Literature. Long Shadow of the Ancient Greek World. The Great Questions of Philosophy and Physics. Philosophy, Religion, and the Meaning of Life. We firmly believe that the internet should be available and accessible to anyone and are committed to providing a website that is accessible to the broadest possible audience, regardless of ability.

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Course No. Choose a Format DVD. Add to Cart Choose a format in order to add this course to your cart. Add to Wishlist Please choose a format in order to add this course to your Wish List. Professor 1 of 12 Dennis Dalton, Ph. There is such a thing as unity of being, and that the highest truth is when we manage, as individuals, to perceive oneself in all being. Once that is achieved, once the separateness is overcome, then illusions will be overwhelmed as well. Professor 2 of 12 Alan Charles Kors, Ph.

Voltaire always has the last laugh on us all, which may be by design. Laughter was a weapon for Voltaire, and irony was essential to that laughter. Professor 3 of 12 Robert H. Kane, Ph. Professor 4 of 12 Phillip Cary, Ph. In many ways, Plato was the founding figure of Western philosophy; although there were philosophers before him, his writings were the first that founded a lasting Western philosophy.

Professor 5 of 12 Louis Markos, Ph. When it comes to learning and to teaching, my motto has always been that of Socrates: The unexamined life is not worth living. Professor 6 of 12 Darren Staloff, Ph. The Prince is a supremely practical work, a work devoted to the question of how one acquires, secures, holds, and improves Princely power.

Professor 7 of 12 Robert C. Solomon, Ph. What I want to ask you is to look at emotions, as I have, as something wondrous, something mysterious, something exotic, as well as something dangerous, something profound, and something valuable.

Professor 8 of 12 Jeremy Adams, Ph. Epictetus believed that the only things in our power are our will and our body. Our will is always free, and we must keep both it and our body untainted; and in that way, we will avoid pain, which is merely external to us. Professor 9 of 12 Jeremy Shearmur, Ph.

There are few things more exciting than exploring and assessing ideas—especially, interesting alternatives to those we usually take for granted. Professor 10 of 12 Kathleen M. Higgins, Ph. Professor 11 of 12 Mark Risjord, Ph. Professor 12 of 12 Douglas Kellner, Ph. For 3, years, mankind has grappled with fundamental questions about life.

Crucial questions about our existence and being have been pondered by thoughtful men and women since civilization began. The most brilliant minds in history focused on these questions—and their search for answers has left us an intellectual legacy of Philosophy can be described as a historical discipline subject to change over time. The pre-Socratic epoch represents the birth of Western philosophical speculation in the greater Greek diaspora. Classical Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle drew on the pre-Socratic traditions, as well as on one another's teachings, to construct the first full-blown philosophical systems.

The Hellenic and Roman worlds inherited these classical doctrines and incorporated them into their own philosophic perspectives. In this lecture, we witness the birth of philosophy in the speculations and systems of the pre-Socratics. We explore how these philosophical forerunners shifted the focus of learned thought from religious questions of "who" and "why" to scientific questions of "what" and "how" and started a dialogue that continues to this day.

Milesian physicists and Pythagoreans attempt to locate the primal origin of all things. Heraclitus and the Eleatics argue, respectively, that the true nature of reality is endless change pluralism or unchanging being monism. This lecture discusses the impact of the Sophists on public policy and private morality in 4th century B. Some see Sophistic analysis of conventional law based on premises about nature as a forerunner to political science.

This lecture considers Sophist attitudes about power, morality, and religion, and concludes with a case study: the Melian dialogue, a famous passage from Thucydides, the Sophist-influenced 5th-century historian whose book on the Peloponnesian War is hailed as the first work of social science. Plato is the most influential philosopher in the West mostly because he invented what came to be called metaphysics, the study of true being. He aligns himself with Socrates, who drew people into critical dialogue on issues such as "What is virtue?

This lecture begins with the question that Plato poses throughout The Republic : What is the meaning of justice? Socrates asserts that for a just society or Republic to be attained, reforms or "waves" of social and political change must first occur. Plato's theories of justice, power, and leadership are expressed in his "Allegory of the Cave. Connected with the metaphysical notion of a deep truth about being is the psychological notion of a deep truth about ourselves.

In the Phaedo , he argued that the soul is immortal because it is akin to the forms and will return to be with them if it is pure when it separates from the body at death. Thus, Plato is the source of the "otherworldly" spirituality that is so important in the Western tradition. Aristotle, the second most influential philosopher after Plato, was also Plato's student.

Aristotle modified Plato's notion of form to create a science of nature or physics. His key idea was to explain the nature of change by reference to four types of causes: form, matter, goal, and cause of motion.

The most significant critique of Plato's Republic comes from Aristotle, who focused his criticisms on the three great reforms, or "waves" of change, discussed in Lecture 5. Aristotle argued against the desirability of the proposed reforms with the logic characteristic of his philosophy of moderation.

Aristotle's ethics are an attempt to discover: "What is the good or ultimate goal of human life? Virtue is to the soul as good health is to the body. Among the human excellences Aristotle discusses are the four cardinal virtues: courage, temperance, justice, and practical wisdom. Two philosophical traditions emerged from the legacy of Plato and Aristotle in a time of cultural, political, and military change.

Epicureanism was the more elite of the two; Stoicism was more readily adaptable to the needs of ordinary people and to traditional Roman values. We encounter Zeno, the founder of Stoicism, and four later Roman Stoics: among them the philosopher-king Marcus Aurelius, who ruled with resolute virtue as emperor for 14 difficult years.

This lecture addresses the distinctive Roman style of philosophizing: the combination of several schools' traditions into a new blend. The most successful synthesizer and the most influential Roman thinker was Cicero, evident in his ethical and his political thought. Until the 20th century, Cicero's influence was never eclipsed by any other Roman—and perhaps by any Greek—philosopher.

This lecture discusses Skepticism, a tradition, like Epicureanism and Stoicism, that arose in Greece in the 4th century B. In the modern lexicon of thoughtful terminology, it is very good to be empirical in method, skeptical in mental reflex. They blended in the writings of Church Fathers such as Augustine, and in the medieval period was a flowering of their synthesis.

Scholastics such as St. Thomas Aquinas, and mystics such as Johannes Eckhart, were heirs of this union of Athens and Jerusalem. Modernity represented a fundamentally new relation to both these sources of Western thought. There is nothing like the Book of Job; it is one of the greatest poems ever written. A good man who suffers incomprehensibly pours out his heart to God, but afraid to complain; wishing for death, yet longing to bring his case before God; and increasingly impatient with friends who offer him "good advice" that misses the point.

If you expect God to answer or explain, you will be disappointed. Oddly, Job does not seem disappointed. This book is about a very unusual relationship, one that the biblical people of Israel understood well because they lived it. The Hebrew Bible, which Christians call the Old Testament, can be read as the story of a relationship between two main characters: God and his people Israel.

The relationship is defined by a covenant that binds them. Throughout the text, the covenant relationship is threatened by Israel's disobedience and God's punishment: exile and destruction of the Temple.

Yet the relationship is never broken, and there is always the expectation of a restored peace. Most scholars would say the key to who Jesus was, and who he thought he was, is to understand what he meant by "the kingdom of God.

Paul, author of the earliest writings in the New Testament, is called the "apostle to the Gentiles" because his mission was to preach about Christ to non-Jews. He formulated a doctrine of justification in terms of a contrast between living "under the Law" as Jews did, and living under grace as believers in Christ did.

This formulation affected Western Christian thought from Augustine onward where the key issue was the status of the individual soul before God.

Plotinus was the last great philosopher of pagan antiquity, a systematizer of the heritage of Plato, founder of Neo-Platonism, and theorist of a form of otherworldly spirituality that was profoundly influential in the Western Christian tradition through Augustine.

Most influential of all, he sketched a spiritual ascent of the soul's turning inward to discover unity not only with the one Soul and the divine Mind, but with the One itself.

Augustine was a Church Father, a Christian thinker who helped formulate the basic doctrines of ancient Christianity. He formulated a Christian Platonist spirituality that was immensely influential for the Western tradition. But Augustine's doctrine of grace includes a frightening implication that God chooses in advance to give his help and delight to some but not all—raising troubling questions about predestination.

This lecture discusses how Thomas Aquinas adapted Aristotelian thought and philosophical method to the needs of the Christian philosophy and theology of his time.

It presents six aspects of the Aristotelian legacy that Aquinas integrated into his system: logic, epistemology, teleology, motion, politics, and legal thinking. An understanding of Thomas's social background and institutional context—the Dominican Order and the discourse of the university—helps us grasp Aquinas's significance for his time and ours. This lecture discusses the vexing problem of "universals"—the relationships of names to things, and of both names and things to standard categories of the Western analysis of phenomena individual, species, genus as explored and temporarily resolved in medieval Western thought.

Since the 14th century, major thinkers have tended to fall into the realist, the nominalist, or the conceptualist camp. A coherent tradition of mystical thought in the Christian Middle Ages can be described in terms taken from the Bible, Augustine, and the Eastern Christian neoplatonist known to the West as Denys.

Augustine sought an intellectual vision of God, but the medieval tradition wanted to go beyond vision to "ecstasy" or "the darkness above the light" or "passing into God.

Using concepts taken from Paul and Augustine, Martin Luther taught that we are justified by faith alone; we can receive the grace of God only by believing the Gospel of Christ and not by doing good works. Luther started a debate among local scholars that blew up into a huge controversy involving the pope.

He concluded that the pope wanted to take the Gospel away from Christians; the break between the Roman Catholic Church and those who saw things Luther's way was inevitable.

John Calvin wrote a compendium of theology that made his Reformed variety of Protestantism more exportable than Lutheranism and spawned familiar forms of Protestantism such as Presbyterianism. He departed from both Luther and the Catholics by teaching that justification happens only once in life, part of Calvin's doctrine of predestination.

From the close of the 15th to the end of the 17th century, Latin Christendom was transformed. Philosophically, the epoch is opened by the age of the Renaissance, a rebirth of classical learning and art.

The 17th-century Age of Reason was characterized by a rejection of authorities and an awareness of tensions between rational philosophic speculation and traditional religious beliefs. As a work of political realism, Machiavelli's The Prince marked a sharp departure from the classical idealist tradition associated with Plato.

This lecture will explain Machiavelli's purposes in writing The Prince and outline his practical advice for gaining and keeping political power. Thomas More's Utopia is a Christian-humanist view of an ideal society. This lecture will review the features and significance of More's ideal system, highlighting its similarities to, and divergences from, Plato's Republic. This lecture examines the commitment of the Christian humanist Erasmus to oppose excessive enthusiasm in any religious or intellectual matter.

Generally rejected by most parties to the ferocious religious controversies of the next century and more, Erasmus has emerged again as a compelling voice of reasoned culture. Galileo Galilei promoted the theory of heliocentric astronomy and a quantitative rather than qualitative view of nature. His demanding methodology in the sciences and his struggle against Aristotelians who controlled offices of censorship and philosophical conformity in the church became emblems of the attempt at a free natural philosophy.

Francis Bacon, politician and philosopher, undertook to criticize the Western intellectual inheritance and transform the human quest for knowledge. His work The New Organon argued that an inductive, experimental science would yield a new knowledge that would be dynamic, cumulative, and useful. Rene Descartes sought to demonstrate that we could establish a criterion of truth and, with it, know with certainty the real nature and the real causes of things.

His thinking challenged Scholasticism at its core and altered the nature and problems of Western philosophy and science. It bequeathed a categorical dualism: the world divided into mind or body, mental, or physical domains.

Thomas Hobbes asserted that people are ruled not by reason but by passions, especially the desire for power and the fear of death. The remedy for this natural inclination to violent, aggressive behavior is to establish a powerful state called the Leviathan that would be ruled by an absolute sovereign who would guarantee the peace and protection of each subject. One of the most brilliant and challenging thinkers in the Western philosophical tradition was Baruch Spinoza.

His principal work, The Ethics , offers a brilliant expression of his metaphysical monism. Spinoza asserts that nature is not the creation of a supernatural God; rather, he identifies nature as God. Blaise Pascal was a member of the Jansenist movement, which argued for the need for salvation by faith alone, a state achievable only by God's grace. Pascal's Pensees became one of the publishing sensations of the 17th century.

It stressed the misery and absurdity of man and human life without God, the insufficiency of intellectual knowledge of God, and the role of grace and the heart in faith.

Pierre Bayle was one of the most influential authors of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. You'll examine the contributions to philosophy from biblical traditions and the great minds of the Christian age.

Then, you'll mark the critical schism that developed between the claims of faith and those of science and participate in the breathless discovery found during the Enlightenment, which reveled in the new freedom of human potential and scientific expansion. You'll study the provocative philosophical responses by the Existentialists and others to the challenges raised by the new scientific consciousness. And you'll conclude with an overview of the work of Derrida and other late 20th-century philosophers and theorists.

Solomon, and Robert H. Philosophy Nonfiction. Availability can change throughout the month based on the library's budget.

You can still place a hold on the title, and your hold will be automatically filled as soon as the title is available again. The OverDrive Read format of this ebook has professional narration that plays while you read in your browser. Learn more here. You've reached the maximum number of titles you can currently recommend for purchase. Your session has expired. Please sign in again so you can continue to borrow titles and access your Loans, Wish list, and Holds pages.

If you're still having trouble, follow these steps to sign in. Add a library card to your account to borrow titles, place holds, and add titles to your wish list. We will examine how he was led to refine his idea of a "paradigm" in light of criticism that he had used the term too loosely. Finally, we will look at the research to which Kuhn's ideas have led. Willard Van Orman Quine made major contributions to ontology, epistemology, and mathematical logic.

His philosophy came at a time when logical positivism suffered setbacks in its attempts to reduce mathematics to logic. He attacked positivism's attempt to create a foundational first philosophy that would establish the meaning of language. Habermas made many contributions to philosophy and social theory and is today one of the most highly respected thinkers of our time.

John Rawls's A Theory of Justice draws on the theories of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau to argue that the best society would be founded on principles chosen by rational citizens who would choose a system granting the most extensive liberties to its citizens while ensuring the maximum justice. The text has served as a philosophical defense of the modern welfare state.

In this lecture, we will consider the origins of deconstruction in the theories of Derrida, particularly as they were first presented to America in his in famous lecture, "Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences" We shall see how Derrida, rather than work within the binaries of traditional metaphysics or logocentrism , attempted to break down or deconstruct all such binaries.

We shall contrast deconstruction from both Platonic and Christian thought and seek to understand the main terminology associated with deconstruction. Richard Rorty argues that philosophers have traditionally sought to escape from history by searching for "truth.

His pragmatism is the basis of his defense of the postmodern bourgeois liberalism of the West. His analysis of the "new class" of intellectuals and others who earn their living from their education, not their ownership of capital, provides a necessary corrective to the Marxist idea of class struggle and helps explain why so many Marxists and radicals were not proletarians, but intellectuals.

Alasdair MacIntyre articulates a form of right-wing postmodernism, affirming the importance of traditions in contrast to the modern rejection of tradition and authority.

He contends in After Virtue that modern moral reasoning is incoherent because it consists of ill-understood fragments of previous and more coherent traditions of moral reasoning. In Anarchy, State, and Utopia , Robert Nozick asks us to consider that individuals have rights to their person and to their justly acquired property—and then asks us to take these ideas seriously. He offers several striking lines of criticism, including some reflections on democracy, redistribution, and justice, and a critique of the leading American political philosopher, John Rawls.

Rufus Fears University of Oklahoma What makes a written work eternal—its message still so fundamental to the way we live that it continues to speak to us, hundreds or thousands of years distant from the lifetime of its author? Rufus Fears presents his choices of some of the most essential writings in history—works that shaped the minds of great individuals and offer an extraordinary gift of wisdom. This course focuses on intellectual history and ethics and what the ideas in each great work can mean in your life today.

This lecture uses the life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, who sacrificed his life to fight totalitarianism, to illustrate a great book's most important attribute—its ability to speak to you as an individual and help shape the ideals by which you live your life. We discuss the Iliad 's role as one of the most deeply religious books ever composed, an enduring statement of the living tradition of polytheism and a profound effort to understand the meaning of life.

Though written to himself, this Roman emperor's great work has proven an enduring legacy, a reflection of an ethical life as applicable today as it was almost 2, years ago and a monument to self-sufficient wisdom. Composed in the same period as the Iliad, the Bhagavad Gita is regarded as the supreme creation of Sanskrit literature.

Though an epic statement of polytheism, it proclaims truth as an all-encompassing, single, divine power. The most influential religious book ever composed, the Book of Exodus has shaped three great living religious traditions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—in its proclamation of a single, all-powerful God. Each of the Gospels presents a portrait of Jesus differing in emphasis. Mark, drawn from the firsthand account of Peter, is the most concise and dramatic. Its Jesus is both prophet and philosopher, testifying to his search for wisdom by his trial and death.

We examine the sacred book that holds for Muslims the same place that the words of Jesus do for Christians, the words of the book itself held as the revelation of God to humankind. The question of fate or destiny is at the core of the earliest literary work to come down to us, the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh , composed in the 3rd millennium B.

Gilgamesh proclaims a heroic ideal: We are fated to die, but in the meantime, let us strive to be as great as possible. This same message is the theme of the first great work of English literature, the 8th-century Anglo-Saxon epic, Beowulf. If God is good, why does evil exist? The Book of Job is the most enduring attempt to answer that question, a profound disquisition on the ultimate mystery of God and the frailty of any human attempt to understand the divine.

The three plays of the Oresteia rank with the Oedipus of Sophocles as the greatest of Greek tragedies, a story of murder, revenge, duty, and divine intervention that raises in stark form the dilemma of free will. For the great Athenian tragedians, it is moral blindness that leads to hybris also hubris and ruin. Pentheus in the Bacchae of Euripides exemplifies those who believe themselves wise but are, in fact, fatally ignorant.

Fifth-century Greece sees the development of a more profound concept of the immortality of the soul. For Socrates, the belief in such an immortal soul was the ultimate question, as portrayed by Plato in the Phaedo. The Divine Comedy is the supreme summary of the thought of medieval Europe, ranking with the Aeneid of Vergil as one of the most influential epic poems ever composed and key to shaping the Italian language as it is spoken today.

The ancient Greeks and Romans did not have a figure comparable to Satan or the devil. To them, evil came in the form of human actions. In Renaissance England, this same idea was portrayed magnificently in Othello. Aeschylus, like the other great Greek tragedians, believes that we gain wisdom from those who suffered on a titanic stage—in this case, the great rebel Prometheus, who defied the will of Zeus to benefit humanity.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's book stands as a massive indictment of the evil of Joseph Stalin and of the Communist system, portraying with chilling insight the role of ordinary people in carrying out this evil. Like Othello, Julius Caesar was written at the height of Shakespeare's creative talents. Its theme is honor and duty, the duty of a man to resist evil by violence and murder if necessary.

In his novel , George Orwell raises the pertinent and disturbing question of whether any individual can resist the modern power of the state, brilliantly illuminating the logical consequences of subordinating the individual to anonymous social and economic forces.

We examine Virgil's epic as both a work of literature and as a powerful and influential statement of the necessity of war in a just cause and the moral value of duty. Two great democratic statesmen used the occasion of a public funeral for the war dead to proclaim democracy an absolute good. Separated by almost 2, years, these two funeral orations represent the most profound statements of the necessity of just wars.

Published in , the best novel about war ever written gave voice to the feeling that nothing was worth another war, paving the way for appeasement policies in both Britain and France that in fact made another and even more horrible war inevitable. Few intellectual figures in history have so influenced a civilization as Confucius, the teacher whose wisdom guided the intellectual, political, and ethical life of China for more than two millennia.

Confucius taught the art of government as it should be; Machiavelli as it really is. Written in , The Prince might be called the handbook of modern politics and foreign policy, just as useful now as it was then for anyone interesting in gaining and keeping power.

Plato's Republic might be called the greatest book on politics, education, and justice ever written. Published in , John Stuart Mill's On Liberty is the classic statement of the liberal ideal of democratic government and social justice.

For Mill, government exists to serve the individual, and individual liberty is the end of government, not a means to an end. Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur captures the passion, consequences, and contradictions of romantic and spiritual love. One of the first great works of English prose, it summarizes the civilization of medieval chivalry in its ideal form.

Goethe ranks with Shakespeare and Dante as one of the three supreme geniuses of European literature, comparable to Homer and Vergil.

In the first part of Faust, Goethe grapples with the implications of attaining knowledge at any cost. The question of the role of beauty and cultural standards is one that every thoughtful person must decide on his or her own terms. We explore these themes against the backdrop of the moral growth and ultimate redemption of Dr. Thoreau, the most American of thinkers, is an unabashed Romantic in exploring the relationship of Man to the natural world.

Walden is the journal of his recovery of self-meaning and independence by his return to nature. Here, we look at Gibbon and his history as a statement of "a philosophical historian," who searches the past for laws to guide us in the future. Though Acton never wrote his planned history of liberty, he left behind, in numerous essays and unpublished notes, a legacy of historical thought that remains a message of supreme importance to us today.

On Moral Duties is one of the most influential works on education ever written, directly contradicting the view that might makes right and making clear that an immoral act can never be expedient. By drawing on the traditions of Indian thought and reading the Bhagavad Gita daily, Gandhi makes his own path, focusing his entire life on a search for truth and teaching us that there are many roads to wisdom and victory.

Churchill might well be called the greatest figure in the 20th century. We look at three books by this Nobel Prize—winning author and find wisdom to guide us in drawing fundamental lessons for our own lives. We review the lessons of the course and our definition of what makes a great book—a definition as true and vital today as it was in the age of Socrates and Cicero.

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