Birds of steel manual pdf

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We know we can't anticipate every question or issue you might have. Please complete our feedback form for additional assistance. JavaScript is disabled! View Cart. Quiz: has been added to your profile! If we were to use a ceramic that is, traditional window glass canopy, rocks or birds might cause it to shatter.

Design a material that would minimize damage or at least keep the canopy from breaking into pieces. Solution: We might sandwich a thin sheet of a transparent polymer between two layers of the glass. Some polymers have reasonably good impact properties and may resist failure. The polymers can also be toughened to resist impact by introducing tiny globules of a rubber, or elastomer, into the polymer; these globules improve the energy-absorbing ability of the composite polymer, while being too small to interfere with the optical properties of the material.

Si3N4 is a strong, stiff material. Would you select this material for a spring? Solution: Springs are intended to resist high elastic forces, where only the atomic bonds are stretched when the force is applied. The silicon nitride would satisfy this requirement. However, we would like to also have good resistance to impact and at least some ductility in case the spring is overloaded to assure that the spring will not fail catastrophically.

We also would like to be sure that all springs will perform satisfactorily. Ceramic materials such as silicon nitride have virtually no ductility, poor impact properties, and often are difficult to manufacture without introducing at least some small flaws that cause to fail even for relatively low forces. The silicon nitride is NOT recommended. How does this work; from what kind of material would the indicator be made; and what are the important properties that the material in the indicator must possess?

Solution: Bimetallic materials are produced by bonding two materials having different coefficients of thermal expansion to one another, forming a laminar composite. When the temperature changes, one of the materials will expand or contract more than the other material. This difference in expansion or contraction causes the bimetallic material to change shape; if the original shape is that of a coil, then the device will coil or uncoil, depending on the direction of the temperature change.

In order for the material to perform well, the two materials must have very different coefficients of thermal expansion and should have high enough modulus of elasticity so that no permanent deformation of the material occurs. What types of material properties would you recommend? What materials might be appropriate? On the other hand, it must be as light as possible to assure that the human can generate enough work to operate the aircraft. Composite materials, particularly those based on a polymer matrix, might comprise the bulk of the aircraft.

The polymers have a light weight with densities of less than half that of aluminum and can be strengthened by introducing strong, stiff fibers made of glass, carbon, or other polymers. The satellite will contain delicate electronic equipment that will send and receive radio signals from earth. Design the outer shell within which the electronic equipment is contained. What properties will be required, and what kind of materials might be considered?

Solution: The shell of the microsatellite must satisfy several criteria. One approach might be to use a composite shell of several materials. The outside surface might be a very thin reflective metal coating that would help reflect solar heat.

The main body of the shell might be a light weight fiber-reinforced composite that would provide impact resistance preventing penetration by dust particles but would be transparent to radio signals. How would you manufacture a hammer head? The head is then heat treated to produce the required mechanical and physical properties.

The striking face and claws of the hammer should be hard—the metal should not dent or deform when driving or removing nails. Yet these portions must also possess some impact resistance, particularly so that chips do not flake off the striking face and cause injuries. Discuss the design requirements of the shuttle hull that led to the use of this combi- nation of materials.

What problems in producing the hull might the designers and manufacturers have faced? The skin must therefore be composed of a material that has an exceptionally low thermal conductivity. The material must be capable of being firmly attached to the skin of the shuttle and to be easily repaired when damage occurs.

The tiles used on the space shuttle are composed of silica fibers bonded together to produce a very low density ceramic. The thermal conductivity is so low that a person can hold on to one side of the tile while the opposite surface is red hot. What properties should the contact material possess? What type of material might you recommend? Would Al2O3 be a good choice? Solution: The material must have a high electrical conductivity to assure that no electrical heating or arcing occurs when the switch is closed.

High purity and therefore very soft metals such as copper, aluminum, silver or gold provide the high conductivity. However, the device must also have good wear resistance, requiring that the material be hard.

Most hard, wear resistant materials have poor electrical conductivity. One solution to this problem is to produce a particulate composite material composed of hard ceramic particles embedded in a continuous matrix of the electrical conductor.

For example, silicon carbide particles could be introduced into pure aluminum; the silicon carbide particles provide wear resistance while aluminum provides conductivity. Other examples of these materials are described in Chapter Al2O3 by itself would not be a good choice—alumina is a ceramic material and is an electrical insulator. However, alumina particles dispersed into a copper matrix might provide wear resistance to the composite. Suppose you would like to produce a com- posite material based on aluminum having a density of 1.

Design a material that would have this density. Would introducing beads of polyethylene, with a density of 0. Solution: In order to produce an aluminum-matrix composite material with a density of 1.

Therefore polyethylene would NOT be a likely possibility. One approach, however, might be to introduce hollow glass beads. Although ceramic glasses have densities comparable to that of aluminum, a hollow bead will have a very low density. The glass also has a high melting temperature and could be introduced into liquid aluminum for processing as a casting.

Describe some possible testing and sorting techniques you might be able to use based on the physical properties of materials. Solution: Some typical methods might include: measuring the density of the material may help in separating metal groups such as aluminum, copper, steel, magnesium, etc. Describe some possible methods that might be used to separate materi- als such as polymers, aluminum alloys, and steels from one another.

Solution: Steels can be magnetically separated from the other materials; steel or carbon-containing iron alloys are ferromagnetic and will be attracted by magnets. Density differences could be used—polymers have a density near that of water; the specific gravity of aluminum alloys is around 2. Electrical conductivity measurements could be used—polymers are insulators, aluminum has a particularly high electrical conductivity. Explain what benefits each material in the composite may provide to the overall part.

What problems might the different properties of the two materials cause in producing the part? Solution: Aluminum provides good heat transfer due to its high thermal conductivity. It has good ductility and toughness, reasonably good strength, and is easy to cast and process. The silicon carbide, a ceramic, is hard and strong, providing good wear resistance, and also has a high melting temperature. It provides good strength to the aluminum, even at elevated temperatures.

However there may be problems producing the material—for example, the silicon carbide may not be uniformly distributed in the aluminum matrix if the pistons are produced by casting. We need to assure good bonding between the particles and the aluminum—the surface chemistry must therefore be understood. Differences in expansion and contraction with temperature changes may cause debonding and even cracking in the composite. How many atoms of aluminum are contained in one square inch of foil?

Solution: In a one square inch sample: 0. Solution: i In lead: Solution: 1 mol Based only on the quantum numbers, how many electrons must be present in the 3d energy level? Solution: We can let x be the number of electrons in the 3d energy level.

Explain why there will be little, if any, ionic bonding component. The electronegativity of nickel is about 1. Solution: The electronegativity of Al is 1. Also, both are metals and prefer to give up their electrons rather than share or donate them. Discuss these relationships, based on atomic bonding and binding energy, a as the atomic number increases in each row of the periodic table and b as the atomic number increases in each column of the periodic table.

In Cr, there are 5 electrons in the 3d shell; in Mo, there are 5 electrons in the 4d shell; in W there are 4 electrons in the 5d shell. In each column, the melting temperature increases as the atomic number increases—the atom cores contain a larger num- ber of tightly held electrons, making the metals more stable. Discuss this relationship, based on atomic bonding and binding energy.

Solution: T oC Li — Which would you expect to have the higher modulus of elasticity? Explain, considering binding energy and atom radii and using appropriate sketches of force versus interatomic spacing. Solution: MgO has ionic bonds, which are strong compared to the metallic bonds in Mg. A higher force will be required to cause the same separation between the ions in MgO compared to the atoms in Mg. Therefore, MgO should have the higher modulus of elasticity.

Which would you expect to have the higher modulus of elasticity E? Solution: Silicon has covalent bonds; aluminum has metallic bonds. Therefore, Si should have a higher modulus of elasticity.

What do you expect to happen to the coating when the temperature of the steel is increased significantly? When the structure heats, steel expands more than the coat- ing, which may crack and expose the underlying steel to corrosion. The atomic weight of potassium is Calculate a the lattice parameter; and b the atomic radius of potassium.

Calculate a the lattice parameter and b the atomic radius of thorium. One atom is associated with each lattice point. Determine the crystal structure of the metal. The density is 7. Does indium have the simple tetragonal or body-centered tetragonal structure? The density is 9. Determine a the volume of the unit cell and b the number of atoms in each unit cell. The atomic radius is 0. The density is 5. Determine a the number of atoms in each unit cell and b the packing factor in the unit cell.

Calculate a the num- ber of unit cells and b the number of iron atoms in the paper clip. The number of unit cells is: 0. Assume that all of the unit cells of the aluminum are arranged so that a0 is perpendicular to the foil surface. For a 4 in. See Appendix A. Solution: The lattice parameter for aluminum is 4. Is this a contraction or expansion? Solution: We can find the volume of each unit cell. Two atoms are present in both BCC and HCP titanium unit cells, so the volumes of the unit cells can be directly compared.

The atomic weight of manganese is Determine the percent volume change that would occur if a-Mn transforms to b-Mn. Solution: First we need to find the number of atoms in each unit cell so we can determine the volume change based on equal numbers of atoms. What is responsible for the difference? But the lattice parameters in the y and z directions are different!

Which of these directions is close packed? Which, if any, of these planes is close packed? How many interplanar spacings d thick is the sheet? See Appendix A for necessary data. Solution: The distance between the 0,0,0 and 1,1,1 points is 3 ao. Based on your answer, determine a the lattice parameter, b the density, and c the packing factor. But a coordination num- ber of 6 is consistent with the NaCl structure. Compare the planar packing fraction on the planes for these two materials.

Determine the planar density and the planar packing fraction for the and planes of MgO. What ions are present on each plane? Solution: As described in the answer to Problem 3—57, the area of the plane is 0. Calculate the lattice parame- ter of the iron. Calculate the lattice parameter of the aluminum. If x-rays with a wavelength of 0.

What is the activation energy required to create vacancies in aluminum? Calculate a the fraction of the lattice points that contain vacancies and b the total number of vacancies in a cubic centimeter of Pd. Solution: x Calculate a the fraction of the lattice points that contain vacancies and b the total number of vacancies in a cubic cen- timeter.

Solution: Vu. Calculate a the number of vacancies per cubic centimeter and b the density of Li. Calculate a the density and b the number of vacancies per gram of Pb. Calculate the fraction of the atoms in the alloy that are tungsten. Solution: xW Calculate the atomic percentage of tin present in the alloy.

Solution: xSn X-ray diffraction shows that the lattice parameter is 0. Calculate the density of the alloy. Solution: 2 0. For the Fe-C alloy, find a the density and b the packing factor.

Calculate a the atomic fraction of hydrogen atoms and b the number of unit cells required on aver- age that contain hydrogen atoms. Solution: 2 Thus: 0. MgO has the sodium chloride crystal structure and a lattice parameter of 0. Calculate a the number of anion vacancies per cm3 and b the density of the ceramic. If the density is 3. Solution: Let x be the number of each type of ion in the unit cell.

There normally are 4 of each type. What other changes in each structure might be necessary to maintain a charge balance? Hide ads. Story walkthrough 1. Walkthrough overview. Find anything you think is wrong with this walkthrough? Help us fix it by posting in its Walkthrough Thread. This walkthrough is the property of TrueAchievements.