Civil engg drawing pdf

Civil Engineering Collections by EasyEngineering. Nani Tirumalasetti. More From geos Prejit Radhakrishna. Aan Damai. Popular in Science. Nasreen Hakim. Jawid ArShaad. Armin Ak. Arpitha Jain.

Ammar Jamaludin. Mandy Westbrooks Miller. Zakaria Khayioui. Resal RF. Whitney Kaplan. Haffiz Anugragiri. Dayana Haziqa Akhbar. Anonymous Qha8B2. Jordan Skole. Mickie DeWet. Eeckhaut , J. Moises Gamaliel Lopez Arias. Anurag Goel. Ethan Brown. Quick navigation Home. In such cases well dimensioned and properly scaled graphics can make it easy to understand that for technical personnel.

Engineering drawing serves this purpose. Any product that is to be manufactured, fabricated, assembled, constructed, built, or subjected to any other types of conversion process must first be designed. To make the outcome from the design understandable to any third party engineering drawing is the best way. Some important uses of engineering drawing are mentioned below: 1.

It is used in ships for navigation. For manufacturing of machines, automobiles etc. For construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, electrical and telecommunication structures etc. For manufacturing of electric appliances like TV, phone, computers etc. Geometrical Drawing a. Plane geometrical drawing b. Solid geometrical drawing 2. Mechanical Engineering Drawing 3. Civil Engineering Drawing 4.

If the object has only 2 dimensions i. It is used by mechanical engineers to express mechanical engineering works and projects for actual execution. It is used by civil engineers to express civil engineering works and projects for actual execution. It is used by electrical engineers to express electrical engineering works and projects for actual execution.

The art of representing electronic circuits of TV, Phones, computers etc. It is used by electronic engineers to express electronic engineering works and projects for actual execution. To develop the ability to produce simple civil engineering drawing and sketches based on current practice. To develop the skills to read and understand the drawings used in civil engineering projects. To develop a working knowledge of the layout of buildings, bridges, highways etc. To develop skills in abstracting information from calculation sheets and schematic diagrams to produce working drawings for masons, construction managers and field workers who execute civil engineering projects.

Architectural Drawing a. Plan: It shows the position of different objects and elements of the structure in a two dimensional view. Only length and width of objects are shown here. Elevation and Section: It shows a view along the height of structure. Elevation can be presented in 2D or 3D. In 2D elevation view either height and length or height and width is showed. Structural Drawing It shows the detail requirement of reinforcement and their arrangement in structure.

It also shows the specification and properties of construction materials like concrete, steel, timber etc. These rules may vary slightly for different regions. There are some drawing standards or drawing codes that accumulates the rules of engineering drawing for a certain region. Well- known drawing codes and their application region is expressed below: Table 1. Drawing Board 4. Instrument box Scales 2. Drawing paper 5. T- square 8. Protractor Pins and clips 3.

Pencil 6. Set-square 9. Compass Adhesive tapes Drawing Paper Drawing paper is the paper, on which drawing is to be made. All engineering drawings are made on sheets of paper of strictly defined sizes, which are set forth in the respective standards.

The use of standard size saves paper and ensures convenient storage of drawings. Paper Types: 1. Detail Paper used for pencil work. White drawing paper used for finished drawing 3. Tracing paper used for both pencil and ink work and useful for replicating a master copy Paper Size: Table 1.

Landscape layout Portrait layout Fig. Based on the hardness of lead pencils are classified in three major grades as hard, medium and soft. They are further sub- divided and numbered as mentioned in table below: Table 1.

One has to be careful in selecting a lead because very hard lead might penetrate the drawing, on the other hand, soft lead may smear.

Quality and type of drawing paper is an important factor in selecting lead. One other importance consideration is the importance of line to be drawn. Inferior lines like border lines, guide lines, construction lines and any other auxiliary lines needed to be erased later are drawn using harder pencil. Comparatively softer grade pencil is used for drawing superior items like object line, texts, symbols etc.

Common uses of different grade pencil are tabulated below: Table 1. Used to draw horizontal straight line. Used to guide the triangles when drawing vertical and inclined lines.

Used to construct the most common angles i. Used to draw parallel and perpendicular lines quickly and conveniently. Scales with beveled edges graduated in mm are usually used. Diagonal Scale Fig. It consists of two legs pivoted at the top. One leg is equipped with a steel needle attached with a screw, and other shorter leg is, provided with a socket for detachable inserts. Dividers: Used chiefly for transferring distances and occasionally for dividing spaces into equal parts.

The shape varies according to the shape of irregular curve. Review Questions 1. Define drawing and classify it. What are the differences between engineering drawing and artistic drawing?

Why Engineering drawing is called the language of engineers? What are specific applications of engineering drawing for your discipline? Classify engineering drawing and give example of each branch. Classify civil engineering drawing. What is difference between plan, elevation and section?

Name some common drawing instruments and their uses. What is the standard size of a drawing board? What is the difference between white drawing paper and tracing paper? How pencils are classified? On what considerations you will choose pencil for a drawing?

How paper quality affects choice of pencil? Which angles can be drawn directly with set-squares? There are certain conventional lines recommended by drawing codes. Usually two types of widths are used for the lines; they are thick and thin. Thick lines are in between 0. However, the exact thickness may vary according to the size and type of drawing.

If the size of drawing is larger, the width of the line becomes higher. There should also be a distinct contrast in the thickness of different kinds of lines, particularly between the thick lines and thin lines.

Visible, cutting plane and short break lines are thick lines, on the other hand hidden, center, extension, dimension, leader, section, phantom and long break lines are thin. Table 2. They should end on both sides by touching the visible lines and should touch themselves at intersection if any.

Some geometric symbols are commonly used in almost every types of drawing while there are some special symbols used in specific types civil, mechanical, electrical etc.

Make a table showing the conventional lines most commonly used in engineering drawing mentioning their specific applications. Why have you studied lines and symbols? Why there is no specified proportion for dimension and extension line? What is difference between applicability of a section line and a break line? Which conventional lined are to be drawn with 2H pencils? Which conventional lined are to be drawn with HB pencils?

Draw some electrical symbol for household weiring. The plainest and most legible style is the gothic from which our single-stroke engineering letters are derived. The term roman refers to any letter having wide down ward strokes and thin connecting strokes.

Roman letters include old romans and modern roman, and may be vertical or inclined. Inclined letters are also referred to as italic, regardless of the letter style; text letters are often referred to as old English. Letters having very thin stems are called Light Face Letters, while those having heavy stems are called Bold Face Letters. In addition, light vertical or inclined guidelines are needed to keep the letters uniformly vertical or inclined.

Guidelines are absolutely essential for good lettering and should be regarded as a welcome aid, not as an unnecessary requirement. Make guidelines light, so that they can be erased after the lettering has been completed. Use a relatively hard pencil such as a 4H to 6H, with a long, sharp, conical point. The vertical guidelines are not used to space the letters as this should always be done by eye while lettering , but only to keep the letters uniformly vertical, and they should accordingly be drawn at random.

A guideline for inclined capital letters is somewhat different. The spacing of horizontal guidelines is the same as for vertical capital lettering. The American Standard recommends slope of approximately Strokes of letters that extend up to the cap line are called ascenders, and those that extend down to the drop line, descenders. Since there are only five letters p, q. But the width of the stroke is the width of the stem of the letter.

In the following description an alphabet of slightly extended vertical capitals has-been arranged in-group. Study the slope of each letter with the order and direction of the storks forming it. The proportion of height and width of various letters must be known carefully to letter them perfectly.

The top of T is drawn first to the full width of the square and the stem is started accurately at its midpoint. The first two strokes of the E are the same for the L, the third or the upper stoke is lightly shorter than the lower and the last stroke is the third as long as the lower. The second stroke of K strikes stem one third up from the bottom and the third stroke branches from it. A large size C and G can be made more accurately with an extra stroke at the top.

U is formed by two parallel strokes to which the bottom stroke be added. J has the same construction as U, with the first stroke omitted. The middle line of P and R are on centerline of the vertical line. The background area between letters, not the distance between them, should be approximately equal.

Some combinations, such as LT and VA, may even have to be slightly overlapped to secure good spacing. In some cases the width of a letter may be decreased. For example, the lower stroke of the L may be shortened when followed by A. Words are spaced well apart, but letters with in words should be spaced closely. Make each word a compact unit well separated from the adjacent words.

For either upper case or lower-case lettering, make the spaces between words approximately equal to a capital O. Avoid spacing letters too far apart and words too close together. Most of the lettering is done in single stroke either in vertical or in inclined manner. Only one style of lettering should be used throughout the drawing.

Lettering can be done either in free hand or using templates. Standard height of letters and numbers are 2. Review Questions: 1. Why have you studied lettering? What is the difference between Gothic and Roman letters? Which style of lettering is most commonly used in engineering drawing and why? What do you mean by guidelines? Why is it used? What are the ISO rules for lettering? How do you maintain the spaces between letters, words and lines?

Which letters have equal height and width? What are the standard heights of letters in engineering drawing? These methods are illustrated in this chapter, and are basically simple principles of pure geometry.

These simple principles are used to actually develop a drawing with complete accuracy, and in the fastest time possible, without wasted motion or any guesswork.

Applying these geometric construction principles give drawings a finished, professional appearance. Strict interpretation of geometric construction allows use of only the compass and an instrument for drawing straight lines but in technical drawing, the principles of geometry are employed constantly, but instruments are not limited to the basic two as T-squares, triangles, scales, curves etc.

Since there is continual application of geometric principles, the methods given in this chapter should be mastered thoroughly.

It is assumed that students using this book understand the elements of plane geometry and will be able to apply their knowledge. It is actually represented on the drawing by a crisscross at its exact location. Lines may be straight lines or curved lines. A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. There are three major kinds of angles: right angels, acute angles and obtuse angles. The various kinds of triangles: a right triangle, an equilateral triangle, an isosceles triangle, and an obtuse angled triangle.

When opposite sides are parallel, the quadrilateral is also considered to be a parallelogram. The most important of these polygons as they relate to drafting are probably the triangle with three sides, square with four sides, the hexagon with six sides, and the octagon with eight sides.

Some helpful relations to be remembered for regular polygons are: 1. The major components of a circle are the diameter, the radius and circumference. The surfaces are called faces, and if these are equal regular polygons, the solids are regular polyhedral.

Thus, the remaining of this chapter is devoted to illustrate step-by-step geometric construction procedures used by drafters and technicians to develop various geometric forms. First of all we have to be well-expertise in using set squares particularly for drawing parallel and perpendicular lines.

In the given process, a line will also be constructed at the exact center point at exactly Where this line intersects line A-B, it bisects line A-B. Line D-E is also perpendicular to line A-B at the exact center point. This new line is longer than the given line and makes an angle preferably of not more than with it.

The original line AB will now be accurately divided. D C Fig. Draw a straight line from A to D. Point X is the exact center of the arc or circle. If all work is done correctly, the arc or circle should pass through each point. In this example, place the compass point at point A of the original shape and extend the lead to point B. Swing a light arc at the new desired location.

Letter the center point as A' and add letter B' at any convenient location on the arc. It is a good habit to lightly letter each point as you proceed. Place the compass point at letter B of the original shape and extend the compass lead to letter C of the original shape. Transfer this distance, B-C, to the layout. Going back to the original object, place the compass point at letter A and extend the compass lead to letter C.

Transfer the distance A-C as illustrated in Figure. Locate and letter each point. This completes the transfer of the object. Recheck all work and, if correct, darken lines to the correct line weight. Use the longest line or any convenient line as a starting point. Line A-B is chosen here as the example. Lightly divide the shape into triangle divisions, using the baseline if possible. Transfer each triangle in the manner described in previous procedure. Check all work and, if correct, darken in lines to correct line thickness.

Letter a diameter as HB. Now set off distances DE around the circumference of the circle, and draw the sides through these points. Diagonals will intersect the circle at 4 points. These tangents will meet the sides of square drawn in step 3.

Now darken the obtained octagon. Given: Number of sides and the diameter of circle that will circumscribe the polygon. Mark a diameter. As example let us draw a 7 sided polygon.

Mark the diameter as Taking as radius of compass, cut the circumference in 7 equal segments to obtain the corners of the seven sided polygon and connect the points. Given: Length of one side and number of sides i. Thus the polygon will be drawn. Given: Number of sides and diameter of out scribing circle. Then AB is the length of one side. Now set off distances AB around the circumference of the circle, and draw the sides through these points.

Given: Number of sides and diameter of inscribing circle. At each point of intersection draw a tangent to the circle.

The tangents will meet each other at 1, 2, 3, 4…… etc. Then ….. Label the end points of the chord thus formed as A and B.

Locate points C and D where these two lines pass through the circle. Where these lines cross is the exact center of the given circle. Place a compass point on the center point; adjust the lead to the edge of the circle and swing an arc to check that the center is accurate.

This arc will touch the line AB and the given arc. Center locations given Radius given Fig. It forms a gentle curve that reverses itself in a neat symmetrical geometric form. In this example, from point B to point C. Draw a perpendicular from line C-D at point C to intersect the perpendicular bisector of C-X which locates the second required swing center.

Place the compass point on the second swing point and swing an arc from X to C. This completes the ogee curve. Note: point X is the tangent point between arcs. Check and. If r1 , r2 and AB are given draw them accordingly. If value of r1 , r2 are given simply draw the arc EF taking radius as r2- r1 and center as B. Then PQ will be the required tangent.

Thus the ellipse will be completed. Divide a line of length 40mm into 7 equal parts. Draw a regular pentagon inscribing a circle of diameter 80mm. Avoid use of protractor. Draw a regular pentagon out scribing a circle of diameter mm. Draw a regular pentagon having length of side as 45mm. Draw a regular hexagon inscribing a circle of diameter 80mm. Draw a regular hexagon out scribing a circle of diameter mm. Draw a regular hexagon having length of side as 45mm. Draw a regular octagon inscribing a circle of diameter 80mm.

Draw a regular octagon out scribing a circle of diameter mm. Draw a regular octagon having length of side as 45mm. Draw a 9 sided regular polygon inscribing a circle of radius 50mm. A 80mm long horizontal straight line is located outside a circle of radius 30mm, such that a 50mm line drawn from center of the circle meets the mid-point of the straight line at right angle.

Draw two arc tangents, each having a radius of 40mm touching the circle and one of the ends of the straight line. Draw a common arc tangent of radius 70mm to the two circles having their centers 80mm apart and having diameters of 50mm and 30mm respectively.

Draw an ogee curve to connect two parallel lines each of length 20mm and their mid-points spaced 30mm vertically and 70mm horizontally. Two wheels with diameters 3. Draw the line diagram of the arrangement. Use a reduced scale. Draw an ellipse having major and minor axis length as 90mm and 60mm. Architectural plans 5. Most Important:. Also read about Different types of columns used in construction. Learn Different Types of footings used in construction all at one place. Where to Use?

When to Use? For Instant updates Join our Whatsapp Broadcast. Stay tuned! More are updated Soon!!. This e-book has been collected from other websites on internet. With a good subject knowledge in civil engg i have started this blog to share valuable information to fellow civil engineers.

You can also follow me on fb and twitter by clicking below. I have seen that the file is working fine. Make sure that you are entering correct password civilread.

The autocad is asking for password. Please kindly help me out with the password. Please save contact as civil read and wait for sometime whatsaoo takes some time to import your contacts. SIR, thanks for doing this.